Abstract: The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), which had been impregnated with the water-based, copper-containing Korasit KS material from the Alkaline Copper Quaternary group, were investigated in this study. The wood samples used in the investigation were impregnated with 3 % and 6 % aqueous solutions of Korasit KS. The modulus of rupture, thermal, and water absorption tests were performed on samples of Oriental beech after they had been impregnated. Oriental beech's modulus of rupture values decreased as a result of Korasit KS impregnation. Additionally, Oriental beech had lower modulus of rupture values at greater concentrations of Korasit KS. In every water absorption period, the water absorption values of the Oriental beech impregnated with Korasit KS were higher than those of the control group. Our results showed that Korasit KS impregnation enhanced thermal properties of Oriental beech. Moreover, higher concentration levels of Oriental beech yielded better thermal characteristics of Oriental beech.

Abstract In this research, oven-dry density, air-dry density, and water absorption levels of Oriental beech treated with flame-resistant chemicals (FRC) and coated with polyurethane/polyure (PU) and epoxy (EP) were evaluated. According to ISO 3129 standard, the experimental specimens were made from Oriental beech wood. Wood specimens were subjected to 3% aqueous solutions of boric acid, borax, a boric acid and borax mixture (1:1; weight: weight), ammonium sulphate, and polyurethane/polyurethane, and epoxy resins before being coated with these substances. Results showed that oven-dry and air-density values of PU coated wood were much higher than EP coated wood. Water absorption (WA) levels of PU coated of wood were lower than EP coated wood. While FRC treated and PU coated wood resulted in lower WA levels than only PU coated wood, FRC treated and EP coated wood resulted in higher WA levels than only EP coated wood.

Abstract: This study was made to determine surface characteristics such as colour, gloss, and surface hardness changes of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). The wood specimens were firstly impregnated with some fire-retardants (FRs) and primed with epoxy resin (EPR) and then coated with polyurethane/polyurea hybrid resin (PUU). Oriental beech was impregnated with 3 % aqueous solution of boric acid (BA), borax (BX), boric acid and borax mixture (1:1), and ammonium sulphate (AS). While Sikafloor®-156 was used for epoxy coating (EPR), Sikalastic®-851 R was used for polyurethane/polyurea hybrid coating (PUU). According to our results, all treatment groups gave negative lightness stability values after accelerated weathering. The colour stability of epoxy resin coated Oriental beech was higher than that of polyurethane/polyurea hybrid resin coated Oriental beech. Except for boric acid impregnated and polyurethane/polyurea hybrid resin coated Oriental beech, all fire-retardants treatment before polyurethane/polyurea hybrid resin and epoxy resin coatings decreased the gloss losses of Oriental beech after accelerated weathering. Fire-retardants impregnation before epoxy resin and polyurethane/polyurea hybrid resin coatings improved the surface hardness values of Oriental beech after accelerated weathering.

Abstract: This study was performed to investigate some mechanical properties such as modulus of rupture and compression strength parallel to grain and some fire properties such as weight loss and temperature values of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) treated with fire-retardants and coated with polyurethane/polyurea hybrid resin and epoxy resin were investigated. The coatings are based on epoxy and polyurethane\polyurea hybrid resins. Firstly, an impregnation method was applied by using fire-retardants which are boron chemicals and ammonium sulfate before coating process. Oriental beech was impregnated with 3 % aqueous solution of boric acid, borax, boric acid and borax mixture (1:1), and ammonium sulfate. Oriental beech was primed with epoxy resin by using Sikafloor®-156, and then coated with Sikalastic®-851, a polyurethane/polyurea hybrid resin. Results showed that modulus of rupture and compression strength parallel to grain values of polyurethane/polyurea and epoxy resin coated Oriental beech wood were higher than that of un-treated and non-coated (control) group. Fire-retardants treatment before polyurethane/polyurea and epoxy resin coatings caused to decrease modulus of rupture and compression strength parallel to grain values of Oriental beech in some extent. Weight loss and temprature values of polyurethane/polyurea and epoxy resin coated Oriental beech were higher than that of un-treated and non-coated (control) group. Hovewer, fire-retardants treatment before polyurethane/polyurea and epoxy resin coatings improved fire properties of Oriental beech wood.

Abstract In this study, the leaching performance of boron compounds from Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) wood coated with polyurethane/polyurea (PUU) hybrid resin and epoxy resin (EPR) was investigated. Leaching of boron test and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analyzes were applied to the prepared test specimens. According to the leaching of boron test results, specimens coated with polyurethane/polyurea (PUU) hybrid resin gave the most positive result against boron leaching. It was found that boric acid (BA) impregnated and epoxy resin (EPR) coated Oriental beech wood showed a smoother surface than other treatment groups.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate physical properties such as color changes after weathering and water absorption (WA) levels, and combustion performance of borates-impregnated and LG-coated Oriental beech wood. Results showed that borates impregnated and LG-coated Oriental beech wood showed positive lightness stability after weathering. The best color stabilization was obtained with LG-coated Oriental beech. Except for the 1 h WA period, LG did not show a water repellent effect after the water absorption test. Borates impregnation before LG-coating caused to decrease in weight loss of Oriental beech after the combustion test. Moreover, the lowest weight losses were obtained in borate impregnated Oriental beech wood.

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the weathering characteristics of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) wood. The wood specimens were impregnated with some copper-based chemicals and then varnish coated. As copper-based chemicals, Celcure C4, Korasit KS, and Tanalith E 8000 were used for impregnation. Polyurethane varnish (PV) and water-based varnish (WBV) were used as coating materials. Firstly, Calabrian pine wood was impregnated with 2,5 % and 5 % aqueous solutions of chemicals then coated with PV and WBV. Impregnated and coated Calabrian pine wood specimens were subjected to 6 months of natural weathering in Muğla, Turkey. After weathering, surface hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength changes of Calabrian pine wood specimens were determined. Impregnation caused to increase in surface hardness values of Calabrian pine. Surface hardness increases of WBV coated Calabrian pine specimens were higher than that of PV coated Calabrian pine specimens. Impregnation resulted in higher surface roughness values of Calabrian pine specimens. PV coated Calabrian pine specimens gave higher surface roughness than that of WBV coated Calabrian pine specimens. The adhesion strength values of all treatment groups were decreased after weathering. In general, adhesion strength decreases of WBV coated Calabrian pine specimens were higher than that of PV coated Calabrian pine specimens. The concentration levels of chemicals did not have a significant effect on surface roughness and adhesion strength of Calabrian pine wood after weathering.

Abstract The study investigates the gloss and color changes values of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood impregnated with some copper content impregnation chemicals such as Celcure C4, Korasit KS, and Tanalith E 8000 and then water-based varnish (WBV) and polyurethane varnish (PV) coated after 6 months of weathering. The results of study showed that gloss values of PV coated Calabrian pine wood were higher than that of WBV coated Calabrian pine wood before weathering. The gloss values of all treatment groups decreased after weathering. Lightness values of Calabrian pine wood also decreased for all treatment groups after weathering. Pre-impregnation before PV coating resulted in lower ��L* values of Calabrian pine wood. While all treatment groups tended to turn reddish by giving ��a* positive values, they tended to turn bluish by giving negative ��b* values. The lowest total color change was obtained with only WBV coated Calabrian pine wood.

Abstract: This study investigated the thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) treated with (NH4)2HPO4, K2HPO4, NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 salts and their mixtures (1:1; w/w) aqueous solutions at 3% concentrations. The effects of different inorganic salts fire retardants on the thermal degradation characteristics of wood samples were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on the TGA curve for untreated beech wood, weight loss takes place at three distinct steps. The impregnation of inorganic salts resulted in higher char yields and additional thermal degradation steps were identified. The highest char yield (80%) was obtained from (NH4)2HPO4-K2HPO4 mixture impregnated sample. Salt mixtures containing phosphates ((NH4)2HPO4 and K2HPO4) have remarkable effects on thermal stability of beech wood, whereas NH4Cl salt lowered the decomposition temperatures and char yield.

In this study, investigation of the thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) sawdust treated with 0,25; 1 and 4,70% aqueous solutions of Adolit KD-5, Wolmanit CX-8 and Tanalit-E were performed by using thermogravimetric analysis, differential-thermal analysis, and differential-thermal analysis under argon atmosphere. Results were compared with the untreated wood (control). It was found that the treatment with Adolit KD-5, Wolmanit CX-8 and Tanalit-E decreased the Tmax (maximum degradation temperature) and increased residual char amount with respect to the control sample. Increases in the concentration of applied preservatives promote the char formation. It was found that the char content after pyrolysis experiment had good agreement with the boric acid amount in wood preservatives.

Wood is widely used as a construction material for many applications. To have knowledge about the thermal degradation characteristic of wood could be crucial for indoor and outdoor applications. Chemical treatments could improve the resistance of wood against fire and heat. In this study, to investigate the thermal properties of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) wood treated with 0,25%; 1% and 4,70% aqueous solutions of boric acid, borax, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and mixtures of and in different proportions, thermogravimetric analysis, differential-thermogravimetry, and differential-thermal analysis were performed. Our results showed that borate treatment decreased the Tmax (maximum degradation temperature) and increased residual char amount. Higher concentration levels of borates resulted in higher char content of Oriental beech wood specimens. Residual char content of borate treated wood samples at fixed concentration of 4,70% ranked as in the following order: disodium octaborate tetrahydrate > boric acid + borax (7:3) > boric acid + borax (1:1) > boric acid > borax > Control. The highest residual char content was achieved for the sample impregnated with 4,70% disodium octaborate tetrahydrate among the all treated samples.

Heat treatment of Oriental-beech (Fagus orientalis) wood was carried out by hot air in an oven for 2, 4, and 8 h at 140, 170, and 200°C. After heat treatment, some physical characteristics such as surface roughness, color, glossiness, and mass loss of Oriental-beech wood specimens were measured. Our results showed that heat treatment caused decrease in surface roughness, glossiness, and mass loss values of Oriental-beech (Fagus orientalis) wood specimens. The decrease in lightness at all temperatures indicates that the specimens become darker with the treatment time. While, a* coordinate (red component) decreased as temperature increased, b* coordinate (yellow component) initially increased at 140°C and then decreased at 170°C and 200°C.